My research has focused on how individuals (both human and non-human animal) use imperfect data from their real-world experiences for judgment and decision-making. I have examined this question in a variety of contexts and populations of interest. For example, in squirrels I investigated how an animal's ecological specializations contribute to its decision-making strategies when presented with conflicting information. In humans, I researched how even very young children make rapid inferences about causal relationships between people or objects from sparse and inconsistent personal observations.